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This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence. Until the 1st century BC, legions were temporary citizen levies, raised for specific campaigns and disbanded after them. By the early 1st century BC, legions were mixed volunteer/conscript units. Legions became standing units, which could remain intact long after a particular campaign was finished. Large numbers of new legions were raised by rival warlords for the civil wars of the period 49–31 BC. However, when Augustus became sole ruler in 31 BC, he disbanded about half of the over 50 legions then in existence. The remaining 28 legions became the core of the early Imperial army of the Principate (27 BC – 284 AD), most lasting over three centuries. Augustus and his immediate successors transformed legions into permanent units, staffed by entirely career soldiers on standard 25-year terms. During the Dominate (late Empire, 284–476), legions were also professional, but are little understood due to scarcity of evidence compared to the Principate. What is clear is that late legions were radically different in size, structure, and tactical role from their predecessors, despite several retaining early period names. This was the result of the military reforms of Emperors Diocletian and Constantine I, and of further developments during the 4th century. The legions were identified by Roman numerals, though the spelling sometimes differed from the modern "standard". For example, in addition to the spellings "IV", "IX", "XIV", "XVIII" and "XIX", the respective spellings "IIII", "VIIII", "XIIII", "XIIX" and "XVIIII" were commonly used. ==Late Republican legions== Until the Marian reforms of 107 BC, the Republican legions were formed by compulsory levy of Roman citizens (who met a minimum property qualification) and raised whenever it was necessary. Usually they were authorized by the Roman Senate, and were later disbanded. Gaius Marius' reforms transformed legions into standing units, which could remain in being for several years, or even decades. This became necessary to garrison the Republic's now far-flung territories. Legionaries started large-scale recruiting of volunteer soldiers enlisted for a minimum term of six years and a fixed salary, although conscription was still practiced. The property requirements were abolished by Marius, so that the bulk of recruits were henceforth from the landless Citizens, who would be most attracted to the paid employment and Land offered after their service. In the last century of the Republic, proconsuls governing frontier provinces became increasingly powerful. Their command of standing legions in distant and arduous military campaigns resulted in the allegiance of those units transferring from the Roman state to themselves. These ''imperatores'' (lit: victorious generals, from the title imperator they were hailed with by their troops) frequently fell out with each other and started civil wars to seize control of the state. e.g. Sulla, Caesar, Pompey, Crassus, Mark Antony and Octavian (later Augustus, the first Emperor himself). In this context, the ''imperatores'' raised many legions that were not authorised by the Senate, sometimes having to use their own resources. As civil wars were resolved, many of these "private" units would be disbanded, only for more to be raised to fight the next civil war. By the time Augustus emerged as sole ruler of Rome in 31BC, over 50 legions were in existence, many of which were disbanded. The legions included in the following list had a long enough history to be somehow remarkable. Most of them were levied by Julius Caesar and later included into Octavian's army, some of them were levied by Marc Antony. * Legio I ''Germanica'' (''Germanic''): 48 BC–70 (Revolt of the Batavi), Julius Caesar * Legio II ''Sabina'' (''Sabine''): 43 BC to circa 9 AD, early name of the Legio II ''Augusta'' * Legio III ''Cyrenaica'' (''from Cyrenaica''): probably around 36 BC to (at least) 5th century, Mark Antony * Legio III ''Gallica'' (''Gallic''): around 49 BC to at least early 4th century, Julius Caesar (emblem: bull) * Legio IV ''Macedonica'' (''Macedonian''): 48 BC–70 (disbanded by Vespasian), Julius Caesar (emblem: bull, capricorn) * Legio IV ''Scythica'' (''from Scythia''): around 42 BC to at least early 5th century, Mark Antony (emblem: capricorn) * Legio V ''Alaudae'' (''Larks''): 52 BC–86 (destroyed by the Dacians in the first Battle of Tapae), Julius Caesar (emblem: elephant) * Legio VI ''Ferrata'' (''Ironclad''): 52 BC to after 250, Julius Caesar (emblem: bull, wolf and Romulus and Remus); twin legion of Legio VI ''Victrix'' * Legio VI ''Victrix'' (''Victorious''): 41 BC to after 402, Octavian (emblem: bull) * Legio VII ''Claudia Pia Fidelis'': 51 BC–44 BC, Julius Caesar; disbanded and re-formed by Vespasian as Legio VII ''Gemina'' * Legio VIII ''Augusta'': 59 BC–48 BC, Julius Caesar, disbanded and re-enlisted by Augustus as Legio VIII ''Augusta'' * Legio IX ''Hispana'' ''Triumphalis'' (''Triumphant''): 59 BC–48 BC, Julius Caesar, disbanded and re-enlisted by Augustus as Legio IX ''Hispana'' * Legio X ''Fretensis'' (''of the sea strait''), also known as X ''Equestris'' (''Mounted''): before 58 BC–45 BC, Julius Caesar's personal legion. * * Legio X: another name of X ''Equestris''. * * Legio X Equestris levied by Augustus in 41/40 BC * Legio XI: 58 BC–45 BC, Julius Caesar (emblem: Neptune), disbanded, reconstituted by Augustus * Legio XII ''Victrix'' (''Victorious''): 57 BC–45, Julius Caesar * * Legio XII ''Antiqua'' (''Ancient''): reconstituted by Lepidus in 43 BC, named by Mark Antony, included in Augustus army as Legio XII ''Fulminata'' * Legio XIII ''Gemina'': 57 BC–45 BC: Julius Caesar, later (41 BC) reconstituted as Legio XIII ''Gemina'' by Augustus * Legio XIV ''Gemina'': 57 BC–48 BC: Julius Caesar, destroyed and reconstituted in 53 BC. Reconstituted by Augustus after 41 BC * Legio XVIII ''Libyca'' (''from Libya''): disbanded 31 BC, Mark Antony * Legio XXX ''Classica'' (''Naval''): 48 BC–41 BC, Julius Caesar 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Roman legions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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